Changes in Korean Wage Inequality, 1980−2005

Korea is known not only for rapid economic growth but also relatively low wage inequality. It is one of the few countries in which wage inequality decreased during the 1980s, though in recent years wage inequality has increased. This paper studies what factors contributed to the changes in wage inequality during the last two decades. This paper implements a recently developed Oaxaca-type inequality decomposition method to decompose "U" shaped changes in inequality into characteristics (quantity), coefficients (price) and residuals effects at both overall and detailed levels. The results of decomposition analysis show that changes in the wage structure significantly contribute to the changes in wage inequality in Korea. The coefficients effect of human capital factors has played a major role not only in increasing wage inequality from mid-1990s, but also decreasing wage inequality in 1980s and early 1990s.decomposition analysis of inequality, earnings equation, coefficients (price) effect, characteristics (quantity) effect, residuals effect

Micropropagation of \u3cem\u3ePopulus trichocarpa\u3c/em\u3e ‘Nisqually-1’ and genetic engineering \u3cem\u3ePopulus\u3c/em\u3e with CaMV35s-AtWBC19, CaMV35s-AgNt84 and -60CaMV35s-GUS genes

In Chapter one, we described development of a highly efficient micropropagation protocol from greenhouse-grown shoot tips of ‘Nisqually-1’. The optimal micropropagation protocol involves growing in vitro shoots in plant growth regulator free Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.3% Gelrite and 5–10 g∙L-1 of activated charcoal. Plants grown on this medium were significantly longer, and contained significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll. In chapter II, we transferred the plant-originated Arabidopsis Atwbc19 gene encoding an ATP binding cassette transporter which confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Transgenic plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Atwbc19- specific primer pair. The expression was confirmed by the reverse transcription PCR. Transgenic plants were tested for aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance. The level of resistance conferred by CaMV35S-Atwbc19 is similar to that conferred by nptII gene. Therefore, plant-ubiquitous Atwbc19 gene can serve an alternative gene as a plant transformation selective marker gene to current bacterial antibiotic-resistance marker genes and alleviate the potential risk for horizontal transfer of bacterial resistance genes in transgenic plants. In Chapter III, we transformed a Populus clone with the enhancer trapping vector, pD991. All 250 transgenic lines were screened and 71 of them (28%) showed positive staining. They showed various patterns of the reporter gene expression, including expression in one tissue and simultaneously in two more tissues. These results confirmed the previously reports that enhancer trap lines can be produced in Populus, and these enhancer trap lines can be used for future gene cloning and studying gene expression in Populus. In Chapter IV, we transformed with the heavy metal binding protein agNt84 gene. Seven putative transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR with the agNt84 specific primers and two lines shoot tips of transgenic- and non-transgenic plants grown on cadmium (Cd) -containing rooting media to evaluate of Cd resistance. 33% of shoot tips from one line and 44% of those from another transgenic line survived on medium containing 250 mM Cd, respectively, but only 22% of the non-transgenic shoot tips survived on rooting medium with 150 mM Cd at week 8. Also, the Cd analysis by ICP-OES indicated that the transgenic plants which were grown on 100 mM Cd medium accumulated about 45% more Cd in the tissue than non-transgenic plants

A Study on the correlation analysis of the factors affecting the water revenue ratio of sub-small block

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Management,2020.According to the Ministry of Environment''s 2017 water supply statistics, 10.5 percent of annual water production were lost by leakage which is mainly caused by aging water pipes, burst of pipes and inadequate pressure management, illegal usage of water, etc. Water pipe network system improvement is required to reduce losses caused by leakages and improve the water revenue ratio and for this purpose, block system and sub-small block of Goryeong local water supply were used. There are 39 small blocks within the corresponding small blocks and 12 small blocks in GR3(Oe-ri/Naegok, Ssanglim I.C., Gogok, Strawberry Village, Anhwa, Singok2, Singok1, Songlim1ri, Sandang, Baeksan, Sinchon, Mahon), 10 small blocks in GR5(Junghwa P.S, Weolsan1, Huam2, Garryun1, Baekri, Weolsan2, Hwaam, Palsan, Daepyeong, Yeonbong P.S), 17 small blocks in GR5(Jikri, Yajeong/Sokri, Sajeon/Daegok, Yeonri samgeori, Gwangdo, Osa, Gu-gok, Ok-san2, Ok-san1, Kisan, Kijok, Eogok, Deukseong, Ogok, Buri, Yongso/Sangyong, Mugye) For the analysis of the affecting factors of the small block in the small block of Goryeong local water supply, firstly, the correlation analysis and reliability verification were conducted and reliability analysis used ''F-verification:Two Groups for Variance'' and a significant level of reliability analysis was applied at 5%. Next, a correlation analysis was conducted to identify the factors affecting the sub-small block with a significant level of correlation with the water revenue ratio of the small block. The independent variables are length of distribution pipe (X1), length of water supply pipe (X2), faucet (X3), night minimum flow (X4) and the dependent variable is set to the water revenue flow (Y). The results showed that eleven sub-small blocks had a significant level of correlation with the water revenue ratio of the three small blocks. In detail, GR3 small block have 3 sub small blocks(Singok1, Baeksan, Sinchon) out of total 12 sub-small blocks, GR5 small block have 2 sub-small blocks (Hwaam, Yeonbong Pressure Station) out of total 10 sub-small blocks and GR6 small block have 6 sub-small blocks (Gwangdo, Gugok, Oksan1, Kijok, Deukseong, Yongso/Sangyong) out of total 17 sub-small blocks. Secondly, 11 small blocks were analyzed for the correlation between the factors affecting the water revenue ratio. As a result of the correlation analysis between the factors affecting the water revenue ratio, all of the factors negatively related to the water revenue ratio. According to the result of correlation analysis, faucet was the highest correlation with negative 0.3, length of water supply pipe is negative 0.23, night minimum flow is negative 0.17, and lastly length of distribution pipe extensions was corelated with negative 0.10.1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Research methods 4. Correlation analysis of the factors influencing the water revenue ratio 5. ConclusionMasterpublishedKANG, Byung-U

Design-level Cohesion Measures: Derivation, Comparison, and Applications

Cohesion was first introduced as a software attribute that could be used to predict properties of implementations that would be created from a given design. Unfortunately, cohesion, as originally defined, could not be objectively assessed, while more recently developed objective cohesion measures depend on code-level information. We show that association-based and slice-based approaches can be used to measure cohesion using only design-level information. Our design-level cohesion measures are formally defined, can be readily implemented, and can support software design, maintenance, and restructuring. Index terms --- cohesion, software measurement and metrics, software design, software maintenance, software restructuring and re-engineering, software visualization, software reuse. 1 Introduction Module cohesion was defined by Yourdan and Constantine as "how tightly bound or related its internal elements are to one another"[10, p. 106]. They describe cohesion as an attribute of design..

A First Principles Study of Chalcopyrite Mn-doped AlGaP2 Compounds

We studied the electronic and magnetic properties for the Mn-doped chalcopyrite AlGaP2 semiconductor by using the first-principles calculations. The Mn-doped AlGaP2 yields strong half-metallic ground states. The ferromagnetic state is the most energetically favorable one. The states of host Al, Ga, or P atoms at the Fermi level are mainly a P-3p character, which mediates a strong interaction between the Mn-3d and P-3p states. The ferromagnetic ordering of dopant Mn with high magnetic moment is originated from the P(3p)-Mn(3d)-P(3p) hybridization, which is attributed by the partially filled P-3p bands. The high magnetic moment of Mn by P vacancy is produced by 4.2 μB/Mn

Optimisation of pipeline route in the presence of obstacles based on a least cost path algorithm and laplacian smoothing

Subsea pipeline route design is a crucial task for the offshore oil and gas industry, and the route selected can significantly affect the success or failure of an offshore project. Thus, it is essential to design pipeline routes to be eco-friendly, economical and safe. Obstacle avoidance is one of the main problems that affect pipeline route selection. In this study, we propose a technique for designing an automatic obstacle avoidance. The Laplacian smoothing algorithm was used to make automatically generated pipeline routes fairer. The algorithms were fast and the method was shown to be effective and easy to use in a simple set of case studies

Application of morphing technique with mesh-merging in rapid hull form generation

ABSTRACTMorphing is a geometric interpolation technique that is often used by the animation industry to transform one form into another seemingly seamlessly. It does this by producing a large number of ‘intermediate’ forms between the two ‘extreme’ or ‘parent’ forms. It has already been shown that morphing technique can be a powerful tool for form design and as such can be a useful addition to the armoury of product designers. Morphing procedure itself is simple and consists of straightforward linear interpolation. However, establishing the correspondence between vertices of the parent models is one of the most difficult and important tasks during a morphing process. This paper discusses the mesh-merging method employed for this process as against the already established mesh-regularising method. It has been found that the merging method minimises the need for manual manipulation, allowing automation to a large extent